Introduction
Thioctic acid, also known as alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is an organosulfur compound that is endogenously produced in mitochondria.
It functions as a cofactor in energy metabolism and redox reactions.
Clinically, it has been used in both injectable and oral forms, particularly as an adjunct therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and metabolic disorders.
Indications
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Used for symptomatic relief of diabetic polyneuropathy.
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Exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.
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Helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate lipid metabolism.
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Often utilized for fatigue recovery, skin health improvement, and liver protection.
Biochemical Mechanisms of Action
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Mitochondrial cofactor role
Acts as a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, contributing to ATP production.
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Antioxidant and redox activity
Through interconversion between oxidized (ALA) and reduced (DHLA) forms, it scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regenerates antioxidants such as glutathione.
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AMPK activation
Activates the AMPK pathway to regulate energy homeostasis, inhibit lipogenesis, and promote fatty acid oxidation.
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Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects
Protects nerve cells by reducing oxidative damage and apoptosis, thereby improving peripheral nerve function.
